Everything about Noe Zhordania totally explained
Noe Zhordania (also transliterated as
Jordania) (
January 2,
1868 –
January 11,
1953) was a
Georgian journalist and
Menshevik politician. He played an eminent role in the
Social Democratic revolutionary movement in
Imperial Russia, and later chaired the government of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia from
July 24 1918 until
March 18 1921, when the
Soviet Russian Red Army invasion of Georgia forced him into exile to
France where he led the
government-in-exile until his death in 1953.
Early career
Noe Zhordania was born on
March 9,
1869, to a petty landowner in the village of
Lanchkhuti in
Guria, western Georgia, then part of the
Kutais guberniya of
Imperial Russia. Having graduated from the Theological Seminary at
Tiflis, he entered the
Warsaw Veterinarian Institute.
Returning to Georgia, he propagated
Marxist ideas among the workers of Tiflis and in the 1890s emerged as a leader of the first legal Marxist organization in Georgia called "Mesame Dasi" (the Third Group). In 1894, he was tried by the Russian authorities for his participation in the "League of Freedom of Georgia". Elected a delegate to the 2nd Congress of the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1903, he sided with the
Menshevik faction and gained significant influence among them. In 1905 he edited a Tiflis-based Georgian Menshevik newspaper
Sotsial-Demokratia known for its fierce attacks on the
Bolsheviks. During the
Russian Revolution of 1905, he went against the armed uprising and advocated the creation of a legal workers’ party. On the 4th Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, he supported the idea of land
municipalization. The same year, he was elected to the
First State Duma for the
Tiflis Governorate and became a spokesman for the Social Democratic faction. The 5th Congress of the RSDLP elected him into the Central Committee where he maintained his post until 1912. Having signed the "Viborg declaration", a protest against the dissolution of the First Duma, in December 1907, he was sentenced to three months of imprisonment. In mid-1912, he edited a
Baku-based legal Menshevik newspaper
Nashe Slovo. In 1914, he collaborated with
Leon Trotsky in the magazine
Borba where he published a series of articles on the question of nationalities.
Revolution and independence
During the
World War I years, he maintained a “defensist” position and worked for
Plekhanov’s Samozaschita (1916). After the
February Revolution of 1917, he chaired the Tiflis
soviet and on March 6 1917 was elected a commissar of the executive committee of the Tiflis Soviet. In August 1917, he was elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP(u[nited]). On the session of the Tiflis Soviet of September 3 1917, he made a speech calling the workers not to succumb to the Bolshevist sentiments, but rather to fight for the establishment of a
parliamentary republic. In October 1917, he joined the all-Russian Pre-Parliament, but soon became disillusioned in it and returned to his native Georgia. On November 26, 1917, he became a chair of the Presidium of the National Council of Georgia and played a leading role in the consolidation of the Menshevik power in Georgia. His wavering position on the formal secession from
Bolshevist Russia ended in May 1918, and Zhordania effectively chaired a parliament session which declared the independent
Democratic Republic of Georgia. On July 24, 1918, he became a Head of the Government of Georgia. Within the three years of rule, his government organized a successful land reform, adopted comprehensive social and political legislation, and cultivated widespread international ties, enabling Georgia to become the only Transcaucasian nation to earn
de jure recognition from Soviet Russia and the Western powers. Apart from a massive peasant support, his government managed to gain, through combining socialism, democracy, and a moderate form of nationalism, the loyalty of intellectual élites and nobility, and played a crucial role in transforming Georgia into the modern political nation. However, the invasion of the Soviet armies in February-March 1921 toppled down the Georgian government, forcing Zhordania and many of his colleagues to take refuge in France where he led the government-in-exile and continued his efforts to earn the international recognition of the Soviet occupation of Georgia and a foreign support for the Georgian independence cause until his death in
Paris in 1953.
In
1923, Noe Zhordania made an appeal to Washington on which he said:
Chekists had killed without trial hundreds of people, including women and children, many of them from the Georgian
intellectual class.
Zhordania was buried on
Leuville-sur-Orge Cemetery in
France.
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